Spears &
Modern reproductions of a medieval European spear and a series of javelins. The heads are hand forged steel, the shafts are made from wood. A spear is a consisting of a shaft, usually of, with a pointed head.
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The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with spears, or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft, such as,. The most common design for hunting or combat spears since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a triangle, or leaf.
The heads of fishing spears usually feature barbs or serrated edges. The word comes from the, from the Proto-Germanic speri, from a root.sper- 'spear, pole'. Spears can be divided into two broad categories: those designed for thrusting in combat and those designed for throwing (usually referred to as ). The spear has been used throughout human history both as a hunting and fishing tool and as a weapon. Along with the, and, it is one of the earliest and most important tools developed by early humans. As a weapon, it may be wielded with either one hand or two. It was used in virtually every conflict up until the, where even then it continues on in the form of the, and is probably the most commonly used weapon in history.
Hunting spear and knife, from Archaeological evidence found in present-day documents that wooden spears have been used for hunting since at least 400,000 years ago, and a 2012 study suggests that may have developed the technology about 500,000 years ago. Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees probably means that early humans used wooden spears as well, perhaps, five million years ago.
Were constructing stone spear heads from as early as 300,000 and by 250,000 years ago, wooden spears were made with points. From circa 200,000 BC onwards, Middle humans began to make complex stone blades with flaked edges which were used as spear heads. These stone heads could be fixed to the spear shaft by gum or resin or by bindings made of animal sinew, leather strips or vegetable matter. During this period, a clear difference remained between spears designed to be thrown and those designed to be used in hand-to-hand combat. By the period (c.
BC), spear-throwers similar to the later were in use. Military Ancient history. Athenian warrior wielding a spear in battle The spear is the main weapon of the warriors of 's. The use of both a single thrusting spear and two throwing spears are mentioned. It has been suggested that two styles of combat are being described; an early style, with thrusting spears, dating to the period in which the Iliad is set, and, anachronistically, a later style, with throwing spears, from Homer's own period.
In the 7th century BC, the Greeks evolved a new close-order infantry formation, the. The key to this formation was the, who was equipped with a large, circular, bronze-faced shield and a 7–9 ft (2.1–2.7 m) spear with an iron head and bronze butt-spike. The hoplite phalanx dominated warfare among the Greek City States from the 7th into the 4th century BC. The 4th century saw major changes. One was the greater use of, light infantry armed with spear and javelins. The other was the development of the, a two-handed pike 18 ft (5.5 m) in length, by the under and. The pike phalanx, supported by peltasts and cavalry, became the dominant mode of warfare among the Greeks from the late 4th century onward until Greek military systems were supplanted by the Roman legions.
Re-enactor outfitted as a Late Roman legionary carrying a In the Roman armies, the first two lines of battle, the and, often fought with a sword called a and, heavy javelins that were specifically designed to be thrown at an enemy to pierce and foul a target's shield. Originally the were armed with a short spear called a, but these gradually fell out of use, eventually being replaced by the gladius.
The third line, the, continued to use the hasta. From the late 2nd century BC, all were equipped with the pilum. The pilum continued to be the standard legionary spear until the end of the 2nd century AD., however, were equipped with a simple hasta and, perhaps, throwing spears. During the 3rd century AD, although the pilum continued to be used, legionaries usually were equipped with other forms of throwing and thrusting spear, similar to auxilia of the previous century. By the 4th century, the pilum had effectively disappeared from common use. Post-classical history Muslim world.
Left: A Palestine Arab sufi ascetic carrying a short in 1913. Right: A Arab warrior carrying a long hunting 1914. Muslim warriors used a spear that was called an.
Pronounced it zaġāya, but the English term, derived from the via, is 'assegai'. It is a pole weapon used for throwing or hurling, usually a light spear or javelin made of hard wood and pointed with a forged iron tip.The az-zaġāyah played an important role during the as well as during later periods, well into the 20th century. A longer pole az-zaġāyah was being used as a hunting weapon from horseback. The az-zaġāyah was widely used. It existed in various forms in areas stretching from to the, although these places already had their own variants of the spear. This javelin was the weapon of choice during the as well as during the in Sudan.
It is still being used by Sikh in the as well as certain wandering Sufi ascetics. Europe After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the spear and shield continued to be used by nearly all Western European cultures. Since a medieval spear required only a small amount of along the sharpened edges (most of the spear-tip was wrought iron), it was an economical weapon. Quick to manufacture, and needing less skill than a sword, it remained the main weapon of the common soldier. The, for instance, although often portrayed with or in hand, were armed mostly with spears, as were their, or continental contemporaries.
Infantry Broadly speaking, spears were either designed to be used in melee, or to be thrown. Within this simple classification, there was a remarkable range of types. For example, M.J. Swanton identified thirty different spearhead categories and sub-categories in Early Saxon England. Most medieval spearheads were generally leaf-shaped. Notable types of Early medieval spears include the, a throwing spear with a long head similar to the Roman, used by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons and the, which had two prominent wings at the base of the spearhead, either to prevent the spear penetrating too far into an enemy or to aid in spear fencing.
Spears & Spears
Originally a Frankish weapon, the winged spear also was popular with the Vikings. It would become the ancestor of later medieval polearms, such as the and. The thrusting spear also has the advantage of reach, being considerably longer than other weapon types. Exact spear lengths are hard to deduce as few spear shafts survive archaeologically but 6–8 ft (1.8–2.4 m) would seem to have been the norm. Some nations were noted for their long spears, including the Scots and the Flemish.
I peccati di Madame Bovary [ITA sub Eng] BDRip: 966.53 MB: Madame Bovary - Claude Chabrol 1991 [XviD ITA-FRA] BDRip: 1.21 GB: Gatto Marte – Madame Penguin. 
Spears usually were used in tightly ordered formations, such as the or the. To resist cavalry, spear shafts could be planted against the ground.
William Wallace drew up his schiltrons in a circle at the in 1298 to deter charging cavalry, it was a widespread tactic sometimes known as the 'crown' formation. Throwing spears became rarer as the Middle Ages drew on, but survived in the hands of specialists such as the Catalan. They were commonly used in Ireland until the end of the 16th century.
Spears began to lose fashion among the infantry during the 14th century, being replaced by that combined the thrusting properties of the spear with the cutting properties of the axe, such as the. Where spears were retained they grew in length, eventually evolving into, which would be a dominant infantry weapon in the 16th and 17th centuries. Cavalry Cavalry spears were originally the same as infantry spears and were often used with two hands or held with one hand overhead. In the 11th century, after the adoption of and a high-cantled saddle, the spear became a decidedly more powerful weapon. A mounted knight would secure the lance by holding it with one hand and tucking it under the armpit (the couched lance technique) This allowed all the momentum of the horse and knight to be focused on the weapon's tip, whilst still retaining accuracy and control. This use of the spear spurred the development of the as a distinct weapon that was perfected in the medieval sport of. In the 14th century, tactical developments meant that knights and men-at-arms often fought on foot.
This led to the practice of shortening the lance to about 5 ft (1.5 m).) to make it more manageable. As dismounting became commonplace, specialist pole weapons such as the were adopted by knights and this practice ceased.
Asia China. Spear heads Spears were used first as hunting weapons amongst the ancient Chinese. They became popular as infantry weapons during the and era, when spearmen were used as especially highly disciplined soldiers in organized group attacks. When used in formation fighting, spearmen would line up their large rectangular or circular shields in a shieldwall manner.
The Qin also employed long spears (more akin to a pike) in formations similar to Swiss pikemen in order to ward off cavalry. The Han Empire would use similar tactics as its Qin predecessors. Halberds, polearms, and dagger axes were also common weapons during this time.
Spears were also common weaponry for Warring States, Qin, and Han era cavalry units. During these eras, the spear would develop into a longer lance-like weapon used for cavalry charges. There are many words in Chinese that would be classified as a spear in English. The Mao is the predecessor of the. The first bronze Mao appeared in the dynasty. This weapon was less prominent on the battlefield than the ge. In some archaeological examples two tiny holes or ears can be found in the blade of the spearhead near the socket, these holes were presumably used to attach tassels, much like modern day spears.
A later period qiang In the early, the Mao appeared to have a relatively short shaft as well as a relatively narrow shaft as opposed to Mao in the later Shang and period. Some Mao from this era are heavily decorated as is evidenced by a period Mao from the area.
In the Han dynasty the Mao and the (戟 Ji can be loosely defined as a halberd) rose to prominence in the military. Interesting to note is that the amount of iron Mao-heads found exceeds the number of bronze heads. By the end of the Han dynasty the process of replacement of the iron Mao had been completed and the bronze Mao had been rendered completely obsolete. After the Han dynasty toward the and dynasties the Mao used by cavalry were fitted with much longer shafts, as is mentioned above. During this era, the use of the Shuo (矟) was widespread among the footmen. The Shuo can be likened to a pike or simply a long spear.
After the Tang dynasty, the popularity of the Mao declined and was replaced by the (枪). The Tang dynasty divided the Qiang in four categories: '一曰漆枪， 二曰木枪， 三曰白杆枪， 四曰扑头枪。” Roughly translated the four categories are: Qi (a kind of wood) Spears, Wooden Spears, Bai Gan (A kind of wood) Spears and Pu Tou Qiang. The Qiang that were produced in the Song and Ming dynasties consisted of four major parts: Spearhead, Shaft, End Spike and Tassel. The types of Qiang that exist are many. Among the types there are cavalry Qiang that were the length of one zhang (eleven feet and nine inches or 3.58 m), Litte-Flower Spears (Xiao Hua Qiang 小花枪) that are the length of one person and their arm extended above his head, double hooked spears, single hooked spears, ringed spears and many more.
There is some confusion as to how to distinguish the Qiang from the Mao, as they are obviously very similar. Some people say that a Mao is longer than a Qiang, others say that the main difference is between the stiffness of the shaft, where the Qiang would be flexible and the Mao would be stiff. Scholars seem to lean toward the latter explanation more than the former. Because of the difference in the construction of the Mao and the Qiang, the usage is also different, though there is no definitive answer as to what exactly the differences are between the Mao and the Qiang. Engraving of a soldier with spear by, 1813 South Asian spears were used both in missile and non-missile form, both by cavalry and foot-soldiers. Mounted spear-fighting was practiced using with a ten-foot, ball-tipped wooden lance called a bothati, the end of which was covered in dye so that hits may be confirmed.
Spears were constructed from a variety of materials such as the sang made completely of steel, and the ballam which had a bamboo shaft. The wielded a type of spear for infantrymen which had a club integrated into the spearhead, and a pointed butt end. Other spears had forked blades, several spear-points, and numerous other innovations. One particular spear unique to India was the vita or corded lance. Used by the army, it had a rope connecting the spear with the user's wrist, allowing the weapon to be thrown and pulled back.
The is a type of spear or lance, originated in, primarily used. Print of a samurai general holding a yari in his right hand The spear was used in ancient Japan sometime between the and the, but it became unpopular as early often acted as. Medieval Japan employed spears again for infantrymen to use, but it was not until the 11th century in that samurai began to prefer spears over bows. Several polearms were used in the Japanese theatres; the was a glaive-like weapon with a long, curved blade popularly among the samurai and the, often used against cavalry; the was a longer polearm, with a straight-bladed spearhead, which became the weapon of choice of both the samurai and the (footmen) during the, The horseback samurai used shorter yari for his single-armed combat, on the other hand, ashigaru infantries used long yari (similar with European ) for their massed combat formation. A Filipino warrior holding a Sibat (spear) in the Boxer Codex. Filipino spears were used as both a weapon and a tool throughout the.
It also called bangkaw (after.), sumbling or palupad in the islands of and. Sibat are typically made from rattan, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting. The spear was used as the primary weapon in expeditions and battles against neighbouring island kingdoms and it become famous during the 1521, where the chieftain of fought against Spanish forces led by who was subsequently killed. A photograph of an American native, a man with his spear – by, dated 1923 As advanced was largely unknown in outside of, most weapons in were made of wood.
This didn't mean that they were less lethal, as obsidian may be sharpened to become many times sharper than steel. Meso-American spears varied greatly in shape and size. While the Aztecs preferred the sword-like for fighting, the advantage of a far-reaching thrusting weapon was recognised, and a large portion of the army would carry the into battle. The tepoztopilli was a pole-arm, and to judge from depictions in various Aztec codices, it was roughly the height of a man, with a broad wooden head about twice the length of the users' palm or shorter, edged with razor-sharp obsidian blades which were deeply set in grooves carved into the head, and cemented in place with or plant resin as an adhesive. The tepoztopilli was able both to thrust and slash effectively. Throwing spears also were used extensively in Meso-American warfare, usually with the help of an. Throwing spears were typically shorter and more stream-lined than the tepoztopilli, and some had obsidian edges for greater penetration.
Native American. Spear Case, Crow (Native American), late 19th century, Typically, most spears made by Native Americans were created with materials surrounded by their communities. Usually, the shaft of the spears were made with a wooden stick while the head of the spear was fashioned from arrowheads, pieces of metal such as copper, or a bone that had been sharpened. Spears were a preferred weapon by many since it was inexpensive to create, could more easily be taught to others, and could be made quickly and in large quantities. Native Americans used the method to kill buffalo, which required a hunter to dress as a buffalo and lure one into a ravine where other hunters were hiding. Once the buffalo appeared, the other hunters would kill him with spears.
A variation of this technique, called the was when a runner would lead the animals towards a cliff. As the buffalo got close to the cliff, other members of the tribe would jump out from behind rocks or trees and scare the buffalo over the cliff. Other hunters would be waiting at the bottom of the cliff to spear the animal to death.
Modern history Europe. German reenactors of pikemen The development of both the long, two-handed and in Renaissance Europe saw an ever-increasing focus on integrated infantry tactics. Those infantry not armed with these weapons carried variations on the pole-arm, including the and the. Ultimately, the spear proper was rendered obsolete on the battlefield. Its last flowering was the half-pike or, a shortened version of the pike carried by officers and NCOs. While originally a weapon, this came to be seen more as a badge of office, or leading staff by which troops were directed. The half-pike, sometimes known as a boarding pike, was also used as a weapon on board ships until the 19th century.
At the start of the Renaissance, cavalry remained predominantly lance-armed; with the heavy knightly lance and lighter cavalry with a variety of lighter lances. By the 1540s, however, pistol-armed cavalry called were beginning to make their mark. Cavalry armed with pistols and other lighter firearms, along with a sword, had virtually replaced lance armed cavalry in Western Europe by the beginning of the 17th century. Hunting One of the earliest forms of killing prey for humans, hunting game with a spear and continues to this day as both a means of catching food and as a cultural activity. Some of the most common prey for early humans were such as which were hunted with various kinds of spear. One theory for the was that most of these animals were hunted to extinction by humans with spears.
Even after the invention of other hunting weapons such as the bow the spear continued to be used, either as a projectile weapon or used in the hand as was common in. Peruvian fisherman with a multi-pronged spear. Barred spears: A barred spear has a crossbar beneath the blade, to prevent too deep a penetration of the spear into an animal. The bar may be forged as part of the spearhead or may be more loosely tied by means of loops below the blade. Barred spears are known from the Bronze Age, but the first historical record of their use in Europe is found in the writings of in the 5th century BC. Examples also are shown in Roman art. In the Middle Ages, a winged or lugged war-spear was developed , but the later Middle Ages saw the development of specialised types, such as the boar-spear and the bear-spear.
The boar-spear could be used both on foot or horseback. Modern revival Spear hunting fell out of favour in most of Europe in the 18th century, but continued in Germany, enjoying a revival in the 1930s. Spear is still practiced in the USA.
Animals taken are primarily wild and, although trophy animals such as cats and big game as large as a are hunted with spears. Are hunted in with a type of., a former colonel lobbied to legalize spear hunting in 1992.
Through Morris' actions, spear hunting was legalized in Alabama, though officials said they believed Morris was the only person to hunt with a spear in the state. Morris described himself as 'The Greatest Living Spear Hunter in the World.' He opened a spear hunting museum in Sumerdale, Alabama. He died in 2011. In myth and legend Symbolism. The Japanese killing a giant – print by, nineteenth century The would symbolically destroy a dead warrior's spear either to prevent its use by another or as a sacrificial offering.
In classical Greek mythology ' bolts of lightning may be interpreted as a symbolic spear. Some would carry that interpretation to the spear that frequently is associated with, interpreting her spear as a symbolic connection to some of Zeus' power beyond the once he rose to replacing other deities in the. Athena was depicted with a spear prior to that change in myths, however.
's wedding-gift to when he married the nymph in classical Greek mythology, was an ashen spear as the nature of ashwood with its straight grain made it an ideal choice of wood for a spear. The Romans and their early enemies would force prisoners to walk underneath a 'yoke of spears', which humiliated them. The yoke would consist of three spears, two upright with a third tied between them at a height which made the prisoners stoop. It has been surmised that this was because such a ritual involved the prisoners' warrior status being taken away.
Alternatively, it has been suggested that the arrangement has a origin, a way to trap evil spirits. The word subjugate has its origins in this practice (from Latin sub = under, jugum=a yoke).