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These imaginative thought experiments are the inventions of one of the world's eminent brain researchers. These imaginative thought experiments are the inventions of one of the world's eminent brain researchers. They are 'vehicles,' a series of hypothetical, self-operating machines that exhibit increasingly intricate if not always successful or civilized 'behavior.' Each of These imaginative thought experiments are the inventions of one of the world's eminent brain researchers. These imaginative thought experiments are the inventions of one of the world's eminent brain researchers. They are 'vehicles,' a series of hypothetical, self-operating machines that exhibit increasingly intricate if not always successful or civilized 'behavior.'
Each of the vehicles in the series incorporates the essential features of all the earlier models and along the way they come to embody aggression, love, logic, manifestations of foresight, concept formation, creative thinking, personality, and free will. In a section of extensive biological notes, Braitenberg locates many elements of his fantasy in current brain research. This is a brilliant work. Inventive, creative, light-written, clearly exposed to laymen, and proposing a very stimulating plan: demonstrating how, by means of the accumulation of well-defined and feasible (though not always as literally presented) mechanisms, initially trivial 'vehicles' can develop emergent properties that can be defined by psychological jargon and assume the appearance of purposeful, thinking brains. A central tenet of this ascending spiral of thought experiments - which is la This is a brilliant work. Inventive, creative, light-written, clearly exposed to laymen, and proposing a very stimulating plan: demonstrating how, by means of the accumulation of well-defined and feasible (though not always as literally presented) mechanisms, initially trivial 'vehicles' can develop emergent properties that can be defined by psychological jargon and assume the appearance of purposeful, thinking brains. A central tenet of this ascending spiral of thought experiments - which is later followed by an attempt to give physical or physiological bases to the proposals according to the (at the time of writing) up-to-date neurological and physiological knowledge - is what the author calls the 'law of uphill analysis and downhill synthesis'.
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*** DOWNLOAD VEHICLES. Get free access to PDF Ebook Vehicles Experiments In Synthetic Psychology By Valentino Braitenberg 1984 08 01 PDF. Get Vehicles.
By this, it is meant that we tend to overestimate the complexity of the underlying structures giving rise to the phenomena we observe. That is, it is much more difficult to divine the supposed structure(s) by analysis than by a synthetic approach. The book is leaving proof of this. It embodies a sort of creative reductionism akin to Schweitzer's brownian agents framework - where cumulative features give way to emergent affirmations which, in absence of such constructive proof, would tempt to be justified by much trickier assumptions. Imaginative pictures finish this little gem of a book, recommended to all curious and disillusioned people.
This is a brilliant book. The title seems vague (and weird) at the first glance, but once you read the book, the title makes perfect sense. In this very well written book the author, Valentino Braitenberg, begins with thought experiments imagining the behaviour of simple 'vehicles' - automatons with sensors and motors.
By sequentially adding extra connections (wires with special properties), he obtains 'vehicles' with complicated mammalian-like behaviours. Each of the addition is followed by a t This is a brilliant book. The title seems vague (and weird) at the first glance, but once you read the book, the title makes perfect sense. In this very well written book the author, Valentino Braitenberg, begins with thought experiments imagining the behaviour of simple 'vehicles' - automatons with sensors and motors. By sequentially adding extra connections (wires with special properties), he obtains 'vehicles' with complicated mammalian-like behaviours.
Each of the addition is followed by a though experiment to imagine how the effect causes a chance in the vehicle's behaviour, hence the name of the book. The book gives remarkable insights on the nature of the brain. Do read this if you are interested in how the brain works (and try to re-read it again). Recommended for anyone interested in the emergence of what we call consciousness and free will. The author takes you through journey following his axiom that it is much more difficult to try to guess internal structure just from the observation of behavior than it is to create the structure that gives the behavior. This he calls the 'law of uphill analysis and downhill invention'. With this in mind, he adds simple rules to the design as he proceeds from Vehicle 1 to 14 that he proposes can resul Recommended for anyone interested in the emergence of what we call consciousness and free will.
The author takes you through journey following his axiom that it is much more difficult to try to guess internal structure just from the observation of behavior than it is to create the structure that gives the behavior. This he calls the 'law of uphill analysis and downhill invention'. With this in mind, he adds simple rules to the design as he proceeds from Vehicle 1 to 14 that he proposes can result in the emergence of concepts of affinity,association, concepts/abstractions and thought.
Something that blew my mind was how he introduces a possibility to the vehicles to have trains of thought, by adding a negative feedback system to prevent runaway activations and add stability. The proposed emergent behavior is the ability for the vehicle's logical system to drift through concepts and associations that it has derived from the environment. People who are familiar with the ideas used in modern day reinforcement learning and artificial neural networks will probably find analogues in the kind of design that goes into the vehicles and such discoveries can be very enjoyable as well. Using a series of plausible (if not always practicable) machines, this book walks you through several thought experiments which you soon discover map one possible path to the development of the brain. Valentino introduces us to the law of 'uphill analysis and downhill synthesis' - the idea that we tend to overestimate the underlying complexity of phenomena observed through analysis.
Instead, following the 'downhill synthesis' approach, this book attempts to produce similar phenomena through rela Using a series of plausible (if not always practicable) machines, this book walks you through several thought experiments which you soon discover map one possible path to the development of the brain. Valentino introduces us to the law of 'uphill analysis and downhill synthesis' - the idea that we tend to overestimate the underlying complexity of phenomena observed through analysis. Instead, following the 'downhill synthesis' approach, this book attempts to produce similar phenomena through relatively simple inventions called 'vehicles'.
Each vehicle is thought-provoking and succinctly described, and the final part of the book provides a basis for their workings in neurological research - it's a great read! A friend who teaches a class in robotics gave this to me with the admonition that I read it slowly, just a few pages at a time. That was excellent advice: the thought experiments in this little book start off simply, but quickly gain complexity and require the reader to actively engage in the mental construction of each of the fourteen vehicles that Braitenberg imagines. It's a nice way to see, concretely, how simple components (sensors, effectors) and rule-sets can generate surprisingly complex A friend who teaches a class in robotics gave this to me with the admonition that I read it slowly, just a few pages at a time. That was excellent advice: the thought experiments in this little book start off simply, but quickly gain complexity and require the reader to actively engage in the mental construction of each of the fourteen vehicles that Braitenberg imagines. It's a nice way to see, concretely, how simple components (sensors, effectors) and rule-sets can generate surprisingly complex behaviour-a valuable insight not only for roboticists but also for anyone interested in AI, machine learning, or neuropsychology.
This is the kind of book where, if you had little prior knowledge of biological and cognitive systems, you would be hard-pressed to say whether it's oversimplistic or brilliant. That ambiguity is a testament to its refreshing treatment of an age-old subject. If nothing else, the reading is worth the law of uphill analysis and downhill invention. I didn't go through the biological mechanism section, mostly because none of the mechanisms seemed at-all implausible (and because I had to return to the This is the kind of book where, if you had little prior knowledge of biological and cognitive systems, you would be hard-pressed to say whether it's oversimplistic or brilliant. That ambiguity is a testament to its refreshing treatment of an age-old subject.
If nothing else, the reading is worth the law of uphill analysis and downhill invention. I didn't go through the biological mechanism section, mostly because none of the mechanisms seemed at-all implausible (and because I had to return to the library). One note: although the author ascribes the vehicles cognitive traits, the cognitive image formed by the book is not the vehicles themselves but the whole picture: vehicle, environment, and evolution. This is an amazing little book. The first half of the book is a series of thought experiments in which you're invited to imagine the behavior of a sequence of 'vehicles': devices with wheels, motors, and feedback loops that respond to light or heat or other stimuli. You can't quite call them robots, because they're purely mechanical without any software. And yet, as they build on one another and become more complex, they begin to display behaviors that not only seem programmed, but would normally This is an amazing little book.
The first half of the book is a series of thought experiments in which you're invited to imagine the behavior of a sequence of 'vehicles': devices with wheels, motors, and feedback loops that respond to light or heat or other stimuli. You can't quite call them robots, because they're purely mechanical without any software. And yet, as they build on one another and become more complex, they begin to display behaviors that not only seem programmed, but would normally be associated with thinking creatures. The point, of course, is that both software and consciousness are built on pretty simple wiring at the lowest levels, and surprisingly complex behaviors can emerge from fairly simple rules and wiring patterns.
The genius of the book is that it makes this point not with algorithms, or implausible thought experiments about brain transplants in bats or Chinese rooms, but with simple little toys, the first few of which you can actually imagine building with your own hands. In fact, I couldn't resist doing so, and built (okay. Built simulations of) the first few to confirm that they behave in the intriguing ways described. Consciousness is commonly debated as an emergent property of software, and most of us are familiar with arguments about whether a sufficiently complex computer will eventually display consciousness. But as a brain researcher, writing in the 1980s before software was quite as pervasive, Braitenberg prefers to treat consciousness as an emergent property of the hardware, and asks (without ever using these words, or posing this question) whether a sufficiently complex set of sensors and actuators will eventually display consciousness. It's a bit of a stretch for Braitenberg to say that these little creatures love or think or intend. But they certainly do seem alive.
And in reading the book it becomes quite obvious how easy it would be to bootstrap complex behaviors from simple pieces, and how easy it would be to attribute emotions and thoughts and intentions to a creature that is merely being led around by complex, ephemeral patterns in its simple wiring. And that's only the first half of the (very slim) book. After a dozen or so profound insights about the emergent behavior of these little hard-wired creatures, the second half of the book continues with a series of research notes pointing out that most of the speculations are grounded in experimental observations about how the eyes and other sensory apparatus are wired in the brains of fruit flies or other real animals. While not as full of jaw-dropping moments as the first part, the second part of the book helps to solidify many of the claims made for the hypothetical vehicles. I'm genuinely amazed that I haven't run across this book sooner.
It deserves to be up there with the most popular works on the mind/body problem, consciousness, and AI. I couldn't read more than a few pages at a time without stopping to scribble notes in the margin, find someone to describe an insight to, or find a way to turn the thought experiments into moving, exploring little creatures. Where to begin with this brilliant book? Ostensibly a book about simple robots, it gently and unobtrusively turns into a philosophical tract about the nature of consciousness, intelligence, and self.
Imagine a robot with a simple light sensor attached to a drive wheel; more light makes the wheel go faster, less light makes it stop. It's a simple mechanism, but it produces the behavior of being 'afraid' of light. That is, when the robot is placed in a brightly lit room, it will (without any progra Where to begin with this brilliant book? Ostensibly a book about simple robots, it gently and unobtrusively turns into a philosophical tract about the nature of consciousness, intelligence, and self. Imagine a robot with a simple light sensor attached to a drive wheel; more light makes the wheel go faster, less light makes it stop. It's a simple mechanism, but it produces the behavior of being 'afraid' of light. That is, when the robot is placed in a brightly lit room, it will (without any programming), run away from the light to find the darkest place, where it can stop running and 'hide'.
Now imagine a robot with two drive motors and two sensors, cross-connected left and right. More light in the left sensor makes the right wheel go faster, and vice versa. Such a robot is 'lovesick' for the light, in that the configuration of its sensors and wheels makes it follow the light around no matter how the light moves. Again, all this happens without a line of computer code being written. It becomes pretty obvious that the addition of more sensors, with more elaborate connections to each other and to the motors, will produce a robot with very complex, maybe even unpredictable behavior. And all without requiring the higher intelligence that a programmer (or a god) might give it.
This leads to all sorts of deep questions. Are such complex robots 'intelligent' if they haven't been programmed to be? If intelligence is measured by behavior, how can one tell the difference between a complexly wired robot and an 'intelligently' programmed one? And the big question: how much of our so-called intelligence as human beings is really us being designed to run away from the light? In this charming little book from 1986 Herr Braitenberg begins chapter 1 with a simple little 'vehicle' (you' be tempted to think 'robot') equipped with only one sensor and one motor. The sensor drives the motor proportionally.
The more that is sensed, the faster the motor goes. What is sensed (light, smell, etc.) and how the motors propel the vehicle (wheel, jet, flipper) are unimportant. In each of the subsequent chapters he adds a simple little upgrade (i.e. Another sensor/motor pair!) or re In this charming little book from 1986 Herr Braitenberg begins chapter 1 with a simple little 'vehicle' (you' be tempted to think 'robot') equipped with only one sensor and one motor.
Valentino Braitenberg
The sensor drives the motor proportionally. The more that is sensed, the faster the motor goes. What is sensed (light, smell, etc.) and how the motors propel the vehicle (wheel, jet, flipper) are unimportant. In each of the subsequent chapters he adds a simple little upgrade (i.e. Another sensor/motor pair!) or rewiring (what if the left-side sensor drove the right-side motor?). By the end of a mere 14 chapters he ends up with vehicles that can think, that can dream, and that can love. And vehicles we ourselves can love.
He offers the first part of the book, described above, as science fiction (lower case) or fictional science. Fiction in the service of science. The second part of the book then offers scientific reasons for each of the upgrades, based on the understanding of brain science at the time. This upgrades weren't chosen at random and you end up with a treatise on how a mind can develop from a simple brain. This is a marvelous companion to The Society of Mind by Marvin Minksy, which I completed just prior to Vehicles. I would suggest reading them in that order, partially to give yourself a break from Minsky's marvelous, but sometimes daunting, treatise.
Partially because you'll understand Minsky better after having read Braitenberg. Vehicles is a book of remarkable inspiration, using the principles of creative robotics to explain how animal behaviour (and ultimately psychology) might have evolved. The core idea is 'downhill synthesis, uphill analysis': it is much harder to understand a complex system through analysis of its present state than it is to create something that mimics its qualities. It is the latter pursuit which occupies the first half of the book; a dozen or so vehicles, each with more complexity than the next Vehicles is a book of remarkable inspiration, using the principles of creative robotics to explain how animal behaviour (and ultimately psychology) might have evolved. The core idea is 'downhill synthesis, uphill analysis': it is much harder to understand a complex system through analysis of its present state than it is to create something that mimics its qualities. It is the latter pursuit which occupies the first half of the book; a dozen or so vehicles, each with more complexity than the next, but explained so well that each step is remarkably understandable. The rest is a notebook of the neurology and ethology that inspired the thought experiments, which made it clear to me how true the central tenet of the book is.
I found this science both fascinating and astoundingly difficult to understand; without the remarkable insight I gained from the vehicle designs, I would have been utterly lost, but still astonished, at the intricate life-forms that evolution has produced. I recommend this book to anyone with insatiable curiosity. Its ideas are a crunchy and delectable meal for the mind, linking the fields of robotics, neurology and psychology together with extraordinary ease. I'm writing this after reading Vehicles for the second time after 3 years; it remains one of the most thought provoking books that I have ever read. 1) Braitenberg's hypothetical scenarios are an easy introduction to the complexities of intelligence without compromising on the quality of the information.
2) His maxim of 'Uphill Analysis and Downhill Invention' can used to justify research in many scientific fields, and he uses this book to demonstrate exactly how helpful following that maxim can b I'm writing this after reading Vehicles for the second time after 3 years; it remains one of the most thought provoking books that I have ever read. 1) Braitenberg's hypothetical scenarios are an easy introduction to the complexities of intelligence without compromising on the quality of the information. 2) His maxim of 'Uphill Analysis and Downhill Invention' can used to justify research in many scientific fields, and he uses this book to demonstrate exactly how helpful following that maxim can be. 3) While he has interesting mechanisms for creating complex brains (along with justifications), I was particularly intrigued by his ideas of modeling trains of thought as simple threshold adjustment.
The idea, while only partially justified, makes so much intuitive sense! In the 'Vehicles.' Author describes possible roads of evolution in complex perception systems. From the primitive device capable to detect signal and move towards it he creates small machines which is able to think (in some way), realize what happens around and give appropriate response.
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Few basic patterns of brain's processing are described, such as Hebb's associative learning and memorizing the sequences of events. I would say that this book tries to give a sense on how real evolution of the In the 'Vehicles.' Author describes possible roads of evolution in complex perception systems. From the primitive device capable to detect signal and move towards it he creates small machines which is able to think (in some way), realize what happens around and give appropriate response. Few basic patterns of brain's processing are described, such as Hebb's associative learning and memorizing the sequences of events. I would say that this book tries to give a sense on how real evolution of the brain and cognitive systems are.
In the end author gives short tour about scientific data underlying his speculations, but, unfortunately, they are a bit outdated. Anyway, it's exciting to follow on how primitive devices become thinking beings. I was reading this book in preparation of a university course in cognitive robotics. It was nice to read and well structured.
First the author is making some simple mind experiments which seem funny and nice to know, but after some chapters I found myself recognizing that he is explaining nothing less than how my brain is probably working. And through his systematic enhancements I could really grasp most of the information. This book could be interesting to everyone, who is curious how the basic ph I was reading this book in preparation of a university course in cognitive robotics.
It was nice to read and well structured. First the author is making some simple mind experiments which seem funny and nice to know, but after some chapters I found myself recognizing that he is explaining nothing less than how my brain is probably working. And through his systematic enhancements I could really grasp most of the information. This book could be interesting to everyone, who is curious how the basic physiology of the brain is probably working. If you're studying psychology, robotics or similar stuff, it could definitely be a valuable lecture. To show that 'invention is somehow easier than analysis', Braitenberg describes hypothetical vehicles whose simple design could yield surprisingly 'smart' behaviours.
In the second part, he shows how the hypotheses made to design these vehicles are actually supported by advances in neuro-biology. I found the first part really easy to read, and yet very deep and insightful. By contrast, the second part was more challenging as I am not a neuro-biologist. Still, I would recommend this for anyone int To show that 'invention is somehow easier than analysis', Braitenberg describes hypothetical vehicles whose simple design could yield surprisingly 'smart' behaviours. In the second part, he shows how the hypotheses made to design these vehicles are actually supported by advances in neuro-biology. I found the first part really easy to read, and yet very deep and insightful.
By contrast, the second part was more challenging as I am not a neuro-biologist. Still, I would recommend this for anyone interested in adaptive systems.